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Haiti: the magical land

HAITI: the magical land
By Alejandro Guevara Onofre

INTRODUCTION
In 1492 Christopher Columbus wrote about Haiti: "The most beautiful in the world." Indeed, Haiti is a wonderful country in the Caribbean. I think he has a special beauty, with geography and traditional culture that is totally different from all other Latin American countries.

Now, this essay is a historical information on Haiti, the first black republic in modern history and one of the poorest nations on Earth. Each chapter provides details on the history, economy, biographies, sports, awards, external relations, culture and other important areas of Haiti. The Haitian people know little thinking that Haiti is only one of the world's poorest countries, but the island is known for its traditional culture, entertainment, superstitions, history. In addition, Haiti is home National Park History, one of the ancient wonders of the world, and women of the stature of Edwidge Danticat and Michaëlle Jean were born there.

Since then, dictatorships have destroyed Haitian society, economy, ecology and sport. Since 1950, two million Haitians migrated to the United States and other countries. Haitian Haitian-American arrived with nothing but her clothes. If we compare today's Haiti Haiti thirty years ago, we see a change: a new multi-party democracy. Today, much of the Third World and more than one billion people are under a dictatorship.

Finally, I would like to end my presentation with Albert Mangones message: "Haiti is unique in the history of slavery goes directly to the nation."

CHRONOLOGY:
1492: Columbus discovered Haiti in the 15th century.
1520-1697: Haiti is a Spanish territory. In late 1500 and early 1600, African slaves came to the island.
1697-1790: Haiti is a French colony. After the 16th century, Haiti became the most important French colony in the Americas. Export Island Europe include sugar, coffee and corn. The beauty of Haiti is recognized by the French mid-century-1700, when he was called "Pearl of the Caribbean."
1790-1803: During the French colonization slaves suffer from abuse. In late 1790, pro-independence demonstrations. An anti-slavery movement led by Toussaint L'Ouverture began. L'Ouverture is one of the leaders of major black color at this time history.During slaves, Haitians attack villages. anti-French protests riots brutally suppressed. By the end of 1803, under the leadership of Jean Jacques Dessalines, Haiti's army defeated the forces French at the Battle of Vertieres.
1804-1806: A French colony for over one hundred years, Haiti became independent, one of the most important events of the story. Jean Jacques Dessalines became the first president of the new republic of Haiti, the first black republic in modern history. Dessalines is the "Father modern Haiti. "Haiti occupies the western third of Spanish, the second largest island in the Caribbean.
1804-1820: Unfortunately, Haiti is divided into two zones. The north of Haiti is occupied by Henri Christopher, who is named after the emperor, while the north is occupied by Alexander Petion. Petion is probably the biggest political Haitian who ever lived.
1880: Haiti has one of the richest ecosystems in the Caribbean.
1900: Haiti's modern political has been tumultuous, marked by dictatorships
1915-1934: Haiti has not had an effective national government invasion by U.S. forces. U.S. sent troops to Haiti in sub-war civil.
1918: The Presidential Palace, one of the best national palaces in the world, is designed by the Haitian Bassan Georges. Bassan is inspired by the White House, Washington.
1926: Emily Greene Balch, a human rights activist, was a. Haiti
1928 Cator Haiti is the only on winning Olympic silver. Then the Sylvio Cator Haiti athlete breaks world record for men's long jump in Paris. Cator was given a hero's welcome when he returned to his country.
1937: In the Dominican Republic, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo ordered the national troops to the slaughter of 20,000 Haitian migrants.
1940-1950: Haiti is one of tourist destinations most popular in the Caribbean.
1944: Dewitt Peters, an American school and teacher, founded the Centre d'Art in Port-au-Prince since 1944, became Art Center in the center of Haitian painting. Now is one of the biggest tourist attractions in Haiti and came every year thousands of people to see the paintings and other works Haitian art.
1945: Haiti becomes the 26th member of the United Nations in October.
1956: Haiti establishes diplomatic relations with the Republic China (Taiwan).
1956: Fignolé Daniel is president of the Provisional Council of State and Head of Haiti
1957-1971: After working for a time as a traditional doctor, François Duvalier became one of the most famous physicians of Haiti. In 1957, Duvalier was elected President of the Republic of Haiti. President Duvalier announced: "My government will guarantee the exercise of liberty to all Haitians." Francois Duvalier, also known by his nickname "Papa Doc ", emerged as head of state and quickly gained nearly absolute power. In 1961," Papa Doc "rewrite the Constitution. Then became the first "president for eternity of Haiti." In the 1960s and 1970s "Papa Doc" ideas popularized by superstitions to Haiti a series of important voodoo rites. The dictatorship of the Duvalier instituted press censorship rig. International agencies accuse the government of gross violations human rights. His reign of terror resulted in the deaths of at least 30,000 Haitians. The island is one of the most dangerous countries in the Third World.
1957-1981: First Lady Simone Ovide Haiti became one of the most dominant women in the history of Haiti. Simone, wife of the most famous dictator of Haiti, won in influence and power through corruption and crime.
1957-1989: For many decades, Haiti has no diplomatic relations with the USSR, the Republic Of China, Cuba, Hungary, South Africa and East Germany.
1960: The Tonton Macoutes, the brutal secret police, launched a genocide "Haitian" in which political prisoners were tortured and executed.
1964: Jose Eduard Gaetjens, the idol of millions of Haitians, is arrested and killed by the Tonton Macoutes, the sinister secret police in Haiti. As John Barnes (Jamaica) and Everald "Gally" Cummings (Trinidad Tobago) was a great footballer in the Caribbean. Then Gaetjens become a global symbol of the struggle against the dictatorship in the Third World. His Haitian and American dual nationality and played in the 1950 World Cup United States. Son of Haitian mother and father Belgium, played in many clubs in the United States. The year 1950 was a very important year for Gaetjens USA beat England 1-0, the birthplace of modern football.
1964: Francois Duvalier changed the national flag. Black and red are the colors chosen by Duvalier. Black, who is similar to the flag of Angola, representing the descendants of the patriot Francois Toussaint L'Ouverture and is also the traditional color of the Haitian people. Meanwhile, the red symbolizes the country `s independence. But the original flag, used since 1803, was ousted in 1986 by order of the new government.
1966: Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, arrives in Port-au-Prince. Under the leadership of dictator Francois Duvalier, many African countries maintain official diplomatic relations with Haiti.
1967: The Comedians, a film by British director Peter Glenville, inspired by the cruel Haitian dictatorship by the Duvalier family.
1971: After Duvalier's death, the power passed to his son Jean Claude Duvalier, the man who became known worldwide as "Baby Doc". Baby Doc is as dictatorial as his father. Haiti is governed by the iron hand. Duvalier, known for his anti-communism, is omnipresent. Many opposition leaders were arrested. He is accused of human rights of abuse. Thousands of Haitians fled the country. Corruption is prevalent at all levels of government. The health system is one of the worst in the Americas.
1974: Sport system is one of the worst in the third world, but Haiti qualified for the FIFA World Cup 1974. Haiti beat Trinidad and Tobago in World Cup qualifiers. It is one of the greatest sports moments in the chronology, comparing it to something like Sylvio Cator, who won a silver medal in long jump at the Olympics 1928 in Holland.
1975: In El Salvador, Miss Haiti, Gerthie David, is named first runner up in Miss Universe … is broadcast live to millions on CBS. Then David is acclaimed Gerthie in Port-au-Prince as a national heroine. Miss Haiti competed with 71 other women around the world for the title of Miss Universe, Miss USA, Barthollomew summer.
1980: Like Canada, Germany, South Korea and Kenya, Haiti boycott the Moscow Olympics to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
1980-1986: Jean-Claude Duvalier, the dictator of Haiti for a long time, he married Michelle Bennett, an aristocratic lady. A little over three months Later, Bennett-Duvalier became Haiti's first lady. Like Eva Peron (Argentina) or Jiang Qing (People's Republic of China), it was a woman with great power. Michelle Bennett mulatto fellow promoted to leadership positions in the dictatorship, in charge of the Afro-Haitians.
1982: National History Park (La Citadelle Laferriere, Sans Souci Palace and Ramiers) has been designated as World Heritage by UNESCO. Like Machu Picchu (Peru) and Angkor What (Cambodia), National History Park is considered among the wonders of the world.
1982: Ronald Agenor won a gold medal in men's singles tennis of the Central American and Caribbean Games Sports Havana. He wins the heart of the island.
1983: Pope John Paul II arrives in Haiti for a visit. "The more things change here," said Juan Pablo II.
1986: As Jean-Claude consolidated his power, he always refused to consider constitutional reform. The uprising against the dictator Jean Claude Duvalier began … antigovernment protesters in the capital. Many deaths, injuries and arrests. An apparent end to the long dictatorship of Haiti in the fall of the Duvalier regime.
1987: Haiti has one of the United States, HIV infection rates
1987: The new Constitution restored many of the freedoms suppressed by the Duvalier family. The Constitution recognizes both French and Creole as official languages. A new opposition came under the command of Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
1988: The writer Rene Depestre Ranandot Prize awarded. Depestre Haitian dissident now living in France, he cited his novel Adriana dans tous reves months. In the mid 1980s, René Depestre, had become well known in the literacy circles outside Haiti.
1990: Ertha Pascall-Trouillot is the first black woman elected head state in the world.
1990: First multiparty elections. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a charismatic black leader, was elected president of Haiti. Aristide is the first Democratic president since 1804.He was elected with popular support for any presidential candidate in the history of Haiti.
1991: Military coup in the country. Raoul Cedras, leader of the coup, emerged as head of the new government. This year marked the end of eight months of democracy. Under the new government, all political parties were dissolved.
1991-1995: Like Equatorial Guinea, Cuba and North Korea, Haiti has one of the most serious human rights in the Third World.
1993: United Nations imposed economic sanctions on Haiti, one of the most densely populated nations in the Americas.
1994: the occupation by peaceful U.S. forces to restore the democratic electoral system. Raoul Cedras and his family went into exile in Panama City. Aristide was restored to power.
1995: In Port-au-Prince, the violence of war including murder Meireille sub Durocher Bertin.
1995: In Beijing, the capital city of the People's Republic of China, Haiti participated in the UN `s Fourth World Conference on Women
1996: More than 5,000 Haitians have been killed and thousands more fled abroad, U.S. Canada, the Bahamas and the Dominican Republic Republic, since 1991.
1998: Haitian President Rene Garcia Preval arrives in Taipei (Taiwan) for a visit four-day official. He and President Lee will sign a statement to strengthen bilateral friendship and cooperation.
1999: Dominican President Leonel Fernandez visited Haiti as part of a new diplomacy.
2002: In Paris, Dudley Dorival finished 3rd in the 110 hurdles at the World Championships. He becomes the first in Haiti to win an individual medal since 1928.Dorival international was born in New Jersey, United States to Haitian parents on September 1, 1975. In 2000 he officially became a citizen of Haiti.
2000: Haiti is one of the thirty poorest countries in the Third World.
2000-2001: The elections were boycotted by the main opposition political parties. Aristide was again elected President. Widespread violence in Haiti claim that Aristide's election victory is fraudulent. Total censorship policy exists in the national media.
2004: This year Haiti is celebrating the 200th anniversary of National Independence. President Jean-Bertrand Aristide of Haiti fled to the Central African Republic following the demonstrations against the government. Haiti has one of the most violent conflict zones in the Americas. Later, troops UN sent to Haiti during civil sub-war.
2006: Rene Preval is sworn in as President of Haiti. Since the peaceful transfer of power in February, Haiti is the newest democracy in the Third World.

ECONOMY
As Bangladesh, Uganda and Tanzania, Haiti is one of the poorest countries of the Earth. In 1997, the rate of economic growth in Haiti (real GDP) per capita was $ 1,300. GDP per capita in Namibia, Botswana and Equatorial Guinea are higher than for Haiti. In the country 4 billion people live on less than $ 2 per day. More than 6 million of Haiti's population still lack access to drinking water and electricity. During years of dictatorship had left the country's economy in ruins. The country relies on international aid. Several hundred thousand farm workers migrate each year to the Dominican Republic.

In 1997, total exports of the year was $ 110 million, while total imports were U.S. $ 486 million. Since 1804, the U.S. market has been the most important export destination for Haiti. Nearly 80 percent of total exports Haiti bound for the United States. Haitian exports are sisal, mangoes, coffee, cotton, bauxite and sugar. The island of imports from U.S. include cement, oil, food, machinery and transport equipment. France was the second largest export destination for Haitian goods.

In past, the tourism industry occupies a prominent place in Haiti's economy, but several problems have blocked tourism policy. Haiti was the first Caribbean country to promote tourism in an accelerated way. Haiti is a small country, with enormous mountains, tropical beaches and beautiful historic buildings.

CULTURE
Like Katherine Dunham, Lillian Hellman, WB Seabrook, Erik Leonard Ekman, Alejo Carpentier, Selden Rodman, Noel Coward and Angelina Jolie, many people say that Haiti is the most beautiful country in the Caribbean. Known as the "Magic Land" is famous for its cultural Haiti. Indeed, Haiti, its culture, its superstitions and their music. Superstitions or voodoo plays an important role in the lives of many Haitians. Voodoo was introduced into Haiti in the late 16th century. Haiti is also famous for his painting, and finally for its ruins … for example the Sans Souci Palace, the most famous ruins in the Caribbean. Exactly, this enigmatic palace is considered Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO. Originally built by black slaves, now Sans Souci is one of the main attractions of Haiti.

Since the late 1940, Haitian painting, best known as "naive art" or "intuitive art", is famous throughout the world. The most important figure was Hector Hyppolite. His work had its biggest splash in the United States in the 20th century. Other artists known internationally include Benoit Rigaud, Castera Bazile, Joseph Jean-Giles and Jean-Baptista Bottlex.Haiti is famous for its traditional sculpture. The best Haitian sculptor Albert Mangos.

FAMOUS FOR HAITI
Nelust Wyclef Jean (singer / Haitian-American): original member of the 1990s hip hop group The Fugees. Wyclef Jean is probably the most popular Haitian singer of all time. Jean was born in Croix des Bouquets (Haiti) 17 October 1972. When he was just ten years, he moved to the United States. Under the leadership of Wyclef Jean and Lauryn Hill, The Fugees had several hits in the decade 1990, the soundtrack (the score album sold 6 million copies). Since 1997, Wyclef Jean, as a soloist, he became well known in the international music scene. As a composer and producer, Jean worked with stars including Santana, Whitney Houston, Mick Jagger, Bono, Tevin Campbell, Bounty Killer, Eric Benet, Sarah Connor, Claudette Ortiz Tarkan, Michael Jackson, Youssou N'Dor, Shakira, Olga Tanon, Carlos Ponce and Julio Voltio. During the past seven years has sold over 10 million albums worldwide. In 2002, his single Masquerade was a great success.

Since then, Wyclef Jean is a man who works with love for Haiti, a country world's poorest. Recently, makes perhaps his best work: "Yele Haiti, a foundation that works for human development on the island. Like Miriam Makeba in South Africa or in Nicaragua, Bianca Jagger, Jean loves his roots. In an interview with the Journal, Wyclef Jean discussed about the Haitian roots: "I'm 100% of Haiti. I am proud to be Haitian. Still I have my Haitian passport. I represent Haiti in everything I do. Each head the industry knows that I am Haitian … that know what I am. I forst Haiti. Haiti to die! "Said Jean.

Discography: Wyclef Jean Carnival Present With the refugees of the Stars (1997) / The Ecleftic: 2 Sides II a Book / Masquerade (2002) / The Preacher (2003) / Sak Pass Presents: Creole 101 (2004) / Hips Do not Lie (Shakira, 2006).

SPECIAL AWARDS
Gerthie David "The Black Goddess"
In 1975, many Haitians were surprised to open the newspaper and see the pictures of David Gerthie Miss Haiti in El Salvador. On the night of July 19, 1975, in San Salvador, Gerthie David, Miss Haiti, was the second black woman to the first runner in the history of the competition Miss Universe. After winning the title Miss Haiti, Gerthie went to San Salvador, the capital of El Salvador, to enter the Miss Universe contest. The competition was grueling, very hard, for example, Miss Bolivia, Gammarra Jacqueline, hot favorite, was eliminated. Today, Miss Haiti looks like a black goddess. Her exotic beauty and personality charming are amazing! At 1.72 m tall, was the best in the evening gown competition, but his discourse on the superstitions of Haiti rocked thousands of applause the The 25th edition of the competition. Of course, Miss Haiti captivates judges Sarah Vaughan (black American singer), Maribel Arrieta (Miss El Salvador 1955 and first finalist in Miss Universe 1955), Jean Claude Killy (French athletes) and Leon Uris (American writer).

When Bob Barker, host of this event, announces the final placement is Gerthie acclaimed throughout the auditorium. Suddenly, his pulse beating a mile a minute … "First runner up is Miss Haiti!" Said Barker. It was one of the most exotic delegates throughout the history of Miss Universe. In the 1970s, David was a model Gerthie from Port au Prince and became a symbol for youth in Haiti. following month in London, Joelle Apollon, Miss Haiti-World, was in sixth place in Miss World 1975.After sixteen, Marjorie Vincent Former Miss Illinois 1991, won the title of Miss America pageant. The first Miss America has its origins in the Caribbean. In other words, Marjorie Vincent Haitian roots. Besides, she was the second black woman to win the contest.

SPORTS
As in Brazil and Italy, the football is the most popular sport in Haiti. Undoubtedly, the national pastime is soccer. A different way to the Dominican Republic or Puerto Rico, the Haitian people do not like baseball. In the 20th Century, soccer became the most popular sport on the island, thanks to heroes like Sylvio Cator, Joseph and Emmanuel Sanon Gaetjens. In 1974 Haiti qualified for the World Cup in Germany.
Emmanuel Sanon was one of the most popular players in Haiti and played in the 1974 World Cup. Sanon made a great contribution to football in Haiti because he played more than any other World Cup qualifiers in Haiti. He remains very popular among fans. Other phenomenal talent was Jose Eduard Gaetjens. He represented Haiti and the United States. He history of the FIFA World Cup: When America won the opening goal in the 1950 World Cup against England. José came to America in the 1940s playing in the American Soccer League. The beautiful game in the Brookhattan Club made a national star. In 1953, he played for Haiti for the first time.

It is practically impossible to speak of the athletes in Haiti, not to mention Sylvio Cator. He is a legend in this sport. Cator won the medal silver in long jump at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. Cator returned home to welcome a hero. From 1928 to 1930, the man registered at the long jump. Cator was a wonderful bridge player. He also played an important role in the popularization of football in the island (which was the captain of the Haitian National Team).

Since then, is an example for youth in Haiti. He died in November 1938, but the Haitian people today still think of him with respect. Many years after the death Cator, the National Stadium in Por-au-Prince was renamed in his honor. Cator was the first major Caribbean athletes come to dominate the world track and field.

Famous Athletes
Bruny Surin (field Canada-Haiti/track) / Edrick Floreal (field Canada-Haiti/track) / Samuel Dalembert (USA-Haiti/basketball) / Ronald Agenor (USA-Haiti/tennis) / Sylvio Cator (track and field) / Yves Jeudy (Box) / Dieudonne Lamothe (marathon) / Ludovic Augustine (pictured) / Ludovic Volborge (photography) / José Eduard Gaetjens (Haiti-USA/football) / Dudley Dorival (track field) / Fitz Plantin André (football) / Emmanuel Sanon (football) / Josmer Altidore (Haitian-American/football).

Dudley Dorival (track and field): Dudley Dorival was born on September 1, 1975 in Elizabeth (New Jersey, USA). Dorival is the son of Haitian parents and Haitian nationality got just in time for the XXVII Summer Olympics Games. Since the 2000 Olympics, has Dudley Dorival competed in international competitions under the flag of Haiti. In Sydney (Australia) Dorival ended seventh in the 110m hurdles. He became the first Haitian Olympic finalist from Yves Jeudy (boxer) in 1976. He won the silver medal in the Junior World Championships 1994, bronze at the 2001 World Chanpionship and medal American gold in the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games in El Salvador. Dorival is one of the best athlete in the history of Haiti.

Famous Women
Michaella Jean (Governor General of Canada) / Yvonne Neptune (former premier) / Claudette Werleigh (Prime Minister from 1995 to 1996) / Lina Blanchet (singer) / Edwidge Danticat (writer) / Michelle Bennett Duvalier (First Lady of Haiti 1981-1986) / Luce Turnier (painter) / Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (Head of State 1990-1991) / Maria Casimiro (journalist) / Sonia Sekula (Artist) / Marie Chauvet (writer) / Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain (writer) / Carmen Brouard (singer) / Dayana Bennett (journalist and actress) / Elie Price (Singer) / Blanche Bosselman (singer) / Lina Mathon (singer) / Georgette Moliere (singer) / Simone Ovide Duvalier (First Lady of Haiti 1957-1981) / Marleine Bastien (human rights leader) / Garcelle Beauvais (actress / model) / Deborah Saint-Phard (track and field) / Antoinette Gauthier (track and field), Louise Pierre (track and field) / Rose Gauthier (track and field)

Edwidge Danticat (writer): One of the most famous writers of the Caribbean in the 21st century. He has written several novels and collections stories in land, including Kri? Kra!, Nominated for a National Book Award. Danticat attracted international attention in 1997 when he wrote perhaps his most famous novel farming of bones, a story about the Haitian genocide under the repressive dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo.

Garcelle Beauvais (Actress): She is the first Haiti actress to star in television. Although he has lived in the United States for many years, actress and former fashion model Garcelle Beauvais was born in Saint Marc, a Haiti city in 1966. She is perhaps best known for her role as Francesca Monroe on The Jamie Foxx Show TV. Gerthie Like David, Joelle Apollon, Evelyn Miot, and Marjorie Vicente, has the classical beauty of the black Haitian woman

REFERENCES:
Patterson-Bennet, Carolyn. "Haiti: Beyond Mountains, more mountains ", National Geographic, Washington DC, January 1976
-Bishop, Randa. "Imposing monuments Haitians," America, Washington DC, January-February 1987
"Cobb, Charles. "Haiti against all odds", National Geographic, November 1987
Britannica Book of the Year " 1981, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, 1980
Encyclopedia Britannica-Almanac 2003, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, 2002
Guevara Onofre, Alejandro. Encyclopedia Mundototal 1999, Editorial San Marcos, Lima, 1998
-Hunter, Brian. The Statesman's Year-Book 1991-1992, Macmillan Press, 1991
Moritz, Charles. Yearbook of Philosophy the current 1972, HW Wilson Company, New York
-Sconfield, John. "Haiti, West Africa in the West Indies", National Geographic, Washington DC, February 1961
"The International Who's Who 1996-97 Europa Publications, London, 1996
"The World Almanac 2001, World Almanac Books, New Jersey, 2001
"Tibballs, Geoff. The Olympics' strangest moments, Robson Books, London, 2004
-Vargas Llosa, Mario. "Haiti: La Muerte", El Comercio, Lima, 04/25/1994
-Vision. "Empire Life Power", Santiago, Chile, March 17, 1967
"Wallechinsky, David. The Complete Book of Games Olympic Aurum Press, London, 2004
"Wallechinsky, David-Wallace Irving. The People Almanac2, Batam Book Inc
-WWW.Yotube.com "El Salvador 1975 Miss Universe (Video)

About the Author

Alejandro Guevara Onofre:Writing is my great passion and I can´t imagine life without writing.I am versatile writer.I have studied Political Science and Journalism.Furthermore, I have been studying Lierature, Olympic History and United States History. I have written and edited many books.I am an author of more than 400 essays…for example “Haiti: The Magic Land”.

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